# paul auster ![[220px-paulausterbbf2010shankbone.jpg|300]] auster at the 2010 brooklyn book festival born: paul benjamin auster february 3 1947 (age 77) newark new jersey u.s. pen name: paul benjamin occupation: novelist - poet - filmmaker - translator alma mater: columbia university (ba ma) period: 1974-present genre: poetry literary fiction spouse: lydia davis ​ ​ (m. 1974; div. 1977)​ - siri hustvedt ​ (m. 1981)​ children: 2 including sophie auster website paul-auster.com paul benjamin auster (born february 3 1947) is an american writer and film director. ir notable works include the new york trilogy (1987) moon palace (1989) the music of chance (1990) the book of illusions (2002) the brooklyn follies (2005) invisible (2009) sunset park (2010) winter journal (2012) and 4 3 2 1 (2017.) ir books have been translated into more than forty languages # early life paul auster was born in newark new jersey to jewish middle-class parents of austrian descent queenie (nee bogat) and samuel auster. ey grew up in south orange new jersey and newark and graduated from columbia high school in maplewood # career after graduating from columbia university with b.a. and m.a. degrees in 1970 ey moved to paris france where ey earned a living translating french literature. since returning to the united states in 1974 ey has published poems essays and novels as well as translations of french writers such as stephane mallarme and joseph joubert ![[paulauster-salmanrushdieandshimonperes.jpg|300]] auster greeting israeli president shimon peres with salman rushdie and caro llewellyn in 2008 following ir acclaimed debut work a memoir titled the invention of solitude auster gained renown for a series of three loosely connected stories published collectively as the new york trilogy. although these books allude to the detective genre they are not conventional detective stories organised around a mystery and a series of clues. rather ey uses the detective form to address existential questions of identity space language and literature creating ir own distinctively post-modem (and critique of postmodernist) form in the process. according to auster "...the trilogy grows directly out of the invention of solitude" the search for identity and personal meaning has permeated auster's later publications many of which concentrate heavily on the role of coincidence and random events (the music of chance) or increasingly the relationships between people and ir peers and environment (the book of illusions moon palace.) auster's heroes often find themselves obliged to work as part of someone else's inscrutable and larger-than-life schemes. in 1995 auster wrote and co-directed the films smoke (which won ir the independent spirit award for best first screenplay) and blue in the face. auster's more recent works from oracle night (2003) to 4 3 2 1 (2017) have also met with critical acclaim ey was on the pen american center board of trustees from 2004 to 2009 and vice president during 2005 to 2007 in 2012 auster said in an interview that ey would not visit turkey in protest at its treatment of journalists. the turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdoğan replied: "as if we need you! who cares if you come or not?" auster responded: "according to the latest numbers gathered by international pen there are nearly one hundred writers imprisoned in turkey not to speak of independent publishers such as ragıp zarakolu whose case is being closely watched by pen centers around the world" one of auster's more recent books a life in words- was published in october 2017 by seven stories press. it brought together three years of conversations with the danish scholar i.b. siegumfeldt about each one of ir works both fiction and non-fiction. it has been considered a primary source for understanding auster's approach to ir works auster is willing to give iranian translators permission to write persian versions of ir works in exchange for a small fee; iran does not recognize international copyright laws # # themes much of the early scholarship about auster's work saw links between it and the theories of such french writers as jacques lacan jacques derrida and others. auster himself has denied these influences and has asserted in print that "i've read only one short essay by lacan the 'purloined letter-' in the yale french studies issue on poststructuralism - all the way back in 1966." other scholars have seen influences in auster's work of the american transcendentalists of the nineteenth century as exemplified by henry david thoreau and ralph waldo emerson. the transcendentalists believed that the symbolic order of civilisation has separated us from the natural order of the world and that by moving into nature as thoreau did as ey described in walden it would be possible to return to this natural order edgar allan poe samuel beckett and nathaniel hawthorne have also had a strong influence on auster's writing. auster has specifically referred to characters from poe and hawthorne in ir novels for example william wilson in city of glass or hawthorne's fanshawe in the locked room both from the new york trilogy paul auster's recurring themes include **+** coincidence **+** frequent portrayal of an ascetic life **+** a sense of imminent disaster **+** an obsessive writer as central character or narrator **+** loss of the ability to understand **+** loss of language **+** loss of money - having a lot but losing it little by little without earning any more **+** depiction of daily and ordinary life **+** failure **+** absent father **+** writing and story telling metafiction **+** intertextuality **+** american history **+** american space # reception "over the past twenty-five years-" opined michael dirda in the new york review of books in 2008 "paul auster has established one of the most distinctive niches in contemporary literature." dirda also has extolled ir loaded virtues in the washington post > ever since city of glass the first volume of ir new york trilogy auster has perfected a limpid confessional style then used it to set disoriented heroes in a seemingly familiar world gradually suffused with mounting uneasiness vague menace and possible hallucination. ir plots - drawing on elements from suspense stories existential recit and autobiography - keep readers turning the pages but sometimes end by leaving them uncertain about what they've just been through writing about auster's most recent novel 4 3 2 1 booklist critic donna seaman remarked > auster has been turning readers' heads for three decades bending the conventions of storytelling blurring the line between fiction and autobiography infusing novels with literary and cinematic allusions and calling attention to the art of storytelling itself not with cool intellectual remove but rather with wonder gratitude daring and sly humor. ... auster's fiction is rife with cosmic riddles and rich in emotional complexity. ey now presents ir most capacious demanding eventful suspenseful erotic structurally audacious funny and soulful novel to date. ... auster is conducting a grand experiment not only in storytelling but also in the endless nature-versus-nurture debate the perpetual dance between inheritance and free will intention and chance dreams and fate. this elaborate investigation into the big what-if is also a mesmerizing dramatisation of the multitude of clashing selves we each harbor within. ... a paean to youth desire books creativity and unpredictability it is a four-faceted bildungsroman and an ars poetica in which auster elucidates ir devotion to literature and art. ey writes 'to combine the strange with the familiar: that was what ferguson aspired to to observe the world as closely as the most dedicated realist and yet to create a way of seeing the world through a different slightly distorting lens.' auster achieves this and much more in ir virtuoso magnanimous and ravishing opus the english critic james wood however offered auster little praise criticizing ir "cliches borrowed language bourgeois bêtises... intricately bound up with modern and post-modem literature"; ey drew a distinction between auster- "probably america's best-known post-modem novelist"- and "beckett nabokov richard yates thomas bernhard muriel spark don delillo martin amis and david foster wallace" who to wood "have all employed and impaled cliche in ir work" where auster who "clearly shares this engagement with mediation and borrowedness- hence ir cinematic plots and rather bogus dialogue" "does nothing with cliche except use it." considering this "bewildering" wood opines that "auster is a peculiar kind of postmodernist" going on to question "is ey a postmodernist at all?" observing that "eighty per cent of a typical auster novel proceeds in a manner indistinguishable from american realism; the remaining twenty per cent does a kind of post-modem surgery on the eighty per cent often casting doubt on the veracity of the plot." wood however noted that "one reads auster's novels very fast because they are lucidly written because the grammar of the prose is the grammar of the most familiar realism (the kind that is in fact comfortingly artificial) and because the plots full of sneaky turns and surprises and violent irruptions have what the times once called "all the suspense and pace of a bestselling thriller." there are no semantic obstacles lexical difficulties or syntactical challenges. the books fairly hum along." ey stated that "the reason auster is not a realist writer of course is that ir larger narrative garmes are anti-realist or surrealist." wood also bemoaned auster's 'b-movie dialogue' 'absurdity' 'shallow skepticism' 'bluffy realism' and 'balsa-wood backstories' ![[220px-paulausterjohnashberybbf2010shankbone.jpg|300]] auster with john ashbery at the brooklyn book festival # personal life auster was married to the writer lydia davis. they had one son together daniel auster who was arrested on april 16 2022 and charged with manslaughter and negligent homicide in the death of ir 10-month-old infant daughter who consumed heroin and fentanyl ey was using. on april 26 2022 daniel who was found to be in possession of drug paraphernalia died from an overdose. daniel was also known for ir association with the club kids and ir ringleader michael alig and was present during the killing of fellow club kid andre melendez auster and ir second wife writer siri hustvedt (the daughter of professor and scholar lloyd hustvedt) were married in 1981 and they live in brooklyn. together they have one daughter sophie auster a singer ey has said ir politics are "far to the left of the democratic party" but that ey votes democratic because ey doubts a socialist candidate could win. ey has described right-wing republicans as "jihadists" and saw the election of donald trump as "the most appalling thing i've seen in politics in my life" in september 2009 ey signed a petition in support of roman polanski calling for ir release after ey was arrested in switzerland in relation to ir 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl on march 11 2023 auster's wife siri hustvedt revealed on instagram that ey had been diagnosed with cancer in december 2022 and that ey had been treated at the memorial sloan kettering cancer center in new york since then # awards **+** 1989 prix france culture de litterature etrangère for the new york trilogy **+** 1990 morton dauwen zabel award from the american academy of arts and letters **+** 1991 pen/faulkner award for fiction finalist for the music of chance **+** 1993 prix medicis etranger for leviathan **+** 1996 bodil awards - best american film: smoke **+** 1996 independent spirit award - best first screenplay: smoke **+** 1996 john william corrington award for literary excellence **+** 2001 international dublin literary award longlist for timbuktu **+** 2003 fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences **+** 2004 international dublin literary award shortlist for the book of illusions **+** 2005 international dublin literary award longlist for oracle night **+** 2006 prince of asturias award for literature **+** 2006 elected to the american academy of arts and letters for literature **+** 2007 honorary doctor from the university of liège **+** 2007 international dublin literary award longlist for the brooklyn follies **+** 2007 commandeur de l'ordre des arts et des lettres **+** 2008 international dublin literary award longlist for travels in the scriptorium **+** 2009 premio leteo (león spain) **+** 2010 medaille grand vermeil de la ville de paris **+** 2010 international dublin literary award longlist for man in the dark **+** 2011 international dublin literary award longlist for invisible **+** 2012 international dublin literary award longlist for sunset park **+** 2012 nyc literary honors for fiction **+** 2017 booker prize shortlist for "4321" # published works # # fiction **+** squeeze play (1984) (written under pseudonym paul benjamin) **+** the new york trilogy (1987) - city of glass (1985) - ghosts (1986) - the locked room (1986) **+** in the country of last things (1987) **+** moon palace (1989) **+** the music of chance (1990) **+** leviathan (1992) **+** mr. vertigo (1994) **+** timbuktu (1999) **+** the book of illusions (2002) **+** oracle night (2003) **+** the brooklyn follies (2005) **+** travels in the scriptorium (2006) **+** man in the dark (2008) **+** invisible (2009) **+** sunset park (2010) **+** day/night (2013) **+** 4 3 2 1 (2017) **+** baumgartner (2023) # # nonfiction **+** the invention of solitude (1982) **+** the art of hunger (1992) **+** the red notebook (1995) (originally printed in granta (44)) (1993) **+** hand to mouth (1997) **+** collected prose (contains the invention of solitude the art of hunger the red notebook and hand to mouth as well as various other previously uncollected pieces) (first edition 2005; expanded second edition 2010) **+** winter journal (2012) **+** here and now: letters 2008-2011 (2013) a collection of letters exchanged with j. m. coetzee **+** report from the interior (2013) **+** a life in words: in conversation with i. b. siegumfeldt (2017) **+** talking to strangers: selected essays prefaces and other writings 1967-2017 (2019) **+** groundwork: autobiographical writings 1979-2012 (2020) **+** burning boy: the life and work of stephen crane (2021) **+** bloodbath nation (2023) # # poetry **+** unearth (1974) **+** wall writing (1976) **+** fragments from the cold (1977) **+** facing the music (1980) **+** disappearances: selected poems (1988) **+** ground work: selected poems and essays 1970-1979 (1990) **+** collected poems (2007) **+** white spaces: selected poems and early prose (2020) # # screenplays **+** smoke (1995) **+** blue in the face (1995) **+** lulu on the bridge (1998) **+** the inner life of martin frost (2007) # # edited collections **+** the random house book of twentieth-century french poetry (1982) **+** true tales of american life (first published under the title i thought my father was god and other true tales from npr's national story project) (2001) # # translations **+** fits and starts: selected poems of jacques dupin translated by paul auster living hand editions 1974 **+** "the uninhabited: selected poems of andre du bouchet" (1976) **+** life/situations by jean-paul sartre 1977 (in collaboration with lydia davis) **+** a tomb for anatole by stephane mallarme (1983) **+** chronicle of the guayaki indians (1998) (translation of pierre clastres' ethnography chronique des indiens guayaki) **+** vicious circles: two fictions & "after the fact" by maurice blanchot 1999 **+** the notebooks of joseph joubert (2005) # # miscellaneous **+** auggie wren's christmas story (1990) **+** the story of my typewriter with paintings by sam messer (2002) **+** "the accidental rebel" (april 23 2008: article in new york times) **+** "alone" (2015) - prose piece from 1969 published in six copies along with "becoming the other in translation" (2014) by siri hustvedt. published by danish small press ark editions # other media **+** in 1993 a movie adaptation of the music of chance was released. auster features in a cameo role at the end of the film **+** in 1994 city of glass was adapted as a graphic novel by artist david mazzucchelli and paul karasik. auster's friend noted cartoonist art spiegelman produced the adaptation **+** from 1999 to 2001 auster was part of npr's national story project a monthly radio show in which together with npr correspondent jacki lyden auster read stories sent in by npr listeners across america. listeners were invited to send in stories of "anywhere from two paragraphs to two pages" that "must be true" from which auster later selected entries edited them and subsequently read them on the air. auster read over 4-000 stories submitted to the show with a few dozen eventually featured on the show and many more anthologised in two 2002 books edited by auster **+** jazz trumpeter and composer michael mantler's 2001 album hide and seek uses words by auster from the play of the same name **+** auster narrated "ground zero" (2004) an audio guide created by the kitchen sisters (davia nelson and nikki silva) and soundwalk and produced by npr which won the dalton pen award for multi-media/audio (2005) and was nominated for an audie award for best original work (2005) **+** austrian composer olga neuwirth's composition ... ce qui arrive ... (2004) combines the recorded voice of paul auster with ensemble music and live electronics by markus noisternig and thomas musil (institute of electronic music and acoustics (iem).) paul auster is heard reading from ir books hand to mouth and the red notebook either as straight recitation integrated with other sounds as if in a radio play or passed through an electronically realised string resonator so that the low tones interact with those of a string ensemble. a film by dominique gonzalez-foerster runs throughout the work featuring the cabaret artist and actress georgette dee **+** in 2005 ir daughter sophie recorded an album of songs in both french and english entitled sophie auster with the band one ring zero. the lyrics of three of the songs (in english) are by paul auster; and ey also provided for the accompanying booklet translations of several french poems which form the lyrics of other songs on the album **+** auster's voice may be heard on the 2005 album entitled we must be losing it by the farangs. the two tracks are entitled "obituary in the present tense" and "between the lines" **+** on the 2006 album as smart as we are by new york band one ring zero auster wrote the lyrics for the song "natty man blues" based on cincinnati poet norman finkelstein **+** in 2006 auster directed the film the inner life of martin frost based on an original screenplay by ir. it was shot in lisbon and azenhas do mar and starred david thewlis irene jacob and michael imperioli as well as auster's daughter sophie. auster provided the narration albeit uncredited. the film premiered at the european film market as part of the 2007 berlinale in berlin germany on february 10 2007 and opened in new york city on september 7 of the same year **+** the lyrics of fionn regan's 2006 song "put a penny in the slot" mention auster and ir novella timbuktu **+** in the 2008 russian film плюс один (plus one) the main character is in the process of translating one of auster's books **+** in the 2008 novel to the end of the land by david grossman the bedroom bookshelf of the central idf soldier character ofer is described as prominently displaying several auster titles **+** in the 2009 documentary act of god auster is interviewed on ir experience of watching another boy struck and killed by lightning when ey was 14 **+** in the 2011 documentary on charlotte rampling the look auster meditates on beauty with charlotte rampling on ir moored tug boat on the hudson river **+** pedro almodovar's 2019 movie pain and glory ("dolor y gloria") is in many ways an homage to the works of auster. while salvador is in ir heroin induced stupor alberto logs on to ir computer. as the camera pans across the desktop screen we see an icon entitled "paul auster." the narrative structure and arc of the film with its many coincidences (federico stumbling on to the performance of the play; the discovery many years later of eduardo's painting) are a visual depiction of an auster novel # notes 1. this reprints both travels in the scriptorium and man in the dark- together in a single volume 2. the contents of this book have been taken from the following previously published volumes: unearth (living hand 1974) wall writing (the figures 1976) fragments from cold (parenthèse 1977) white spaces (station hill 1980) facing the music (station hill 1980) and the art of hunger (menard press 1982.) "spokes" originally appeared in poetry (march 1972); "first words" is published here for the first time 3. "the inner life of martin frost" is a fictional movie that is described in full in auster's novel the book of illusions. it is the only film that david zimmer - the protagonist of the latter novel - watches of hector mann's later hidden films. it is the story of a man meeting a girl - an intense relationship with a touch of supernatural elements. auster later created a real movie of the same name (see "other media" section below) 4. a christmas story that first appeared on the op-ed page of the new york times on december 25 1990. it led to auster's collaboration on a film adaptation "smoke".- **+** paul auster gerard de cortanze: la solitude du labyrinthe. paris: actes sud 1997 **+** franchot ballinger: "ambigere: the euro-american picaro and the native american trickster." melus 17 (1991-92) pp. 21-38 **+** dennis barone: "auster's memory." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 32-34 **+** charles baxter: "the bureau of missing persons: notes on paul auster's fiction." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 40-43 **+** harold bloom (ed.): paul auster. philadelphia: chelsea house publ.; 2004 **+** thorsten carstensen: "skepticism and responsibility: paul auster's the book of illusions." in: critique: studies in contemporary fiction 58:4 (2017): 411-425 **+** martine chard-hutchinson "paul auster (1947- )." in: joel shatzky and michael taub (eds.) contemporary jewish-american novelists: a bio-critical sourceboook. westport: greenwood press 1997 pp. 13-20 **+** alain chareyre-mejan guillaume pigeard de gurbert. "ce que paul auster n'a jamais dit: une logique du quelconque." in: annick duperray (ed..) l'œuvre de paul auster: approches et lectures plurielles. actes du colloque paul auster. aix-en-provence: actes sud 1995 pp. 176-184 **+** gerard de cortanze james rudnick: paul auster's new york. gerstenberg new york; hildesheim 1998 **+** (in french) gerard de cortanze. le new york de paul auster. paris: les editions du chêne-hachette livre 1996 **+** robert creeley: "austerities." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 35-39 **+** scott dimovitz: "public personae and the private i: de-compositional ontology in paul auster's the new york trilogy." mfs: modern fiction studies. 52:3 (fall 2006): 613-633 **+** scott dimovitz: "portraits in absentia: repetition compulsion and the post-modem uncanny in paul auster's leviathan." studies in the novel. 40:4 (winter 2008): 447-464 **+** william drenttel (ed.): paul auster: a comprehensive bibliographic checklist of published works 1968-1994. new york: delos press 1994 **+** annick duperray: paul auster: les ambiguïtes de la negation. paris: belin. 2003 **+** (in german) christian eilers: paul austers autobiographische werke: stationen einer schriftstellerkarriere. winter heidelberg 2019. (= american studies - a monograph series; 301.) 54-5 **+** (in german)sven gächter: schreiben ist eine endlose therapie: der amerikanische romancier paul auster über das allmähliche entstehen von geschichten. weltwoche (december 31 1992) p. 30 **+** françois gavillon: paul auster gravite et legèrete de l'ecriture. presses universitaires de rennes 2000 **+** charles grandjeat: "le hasard et la necessite dans l'œuvre de paul auster." in: annick duperray (ed..) l'œuvre de paul auster: approches et lectures plurielles. actes du colloque paul auster. aix-en-provence: actes sud 1995 pp. 153-163 **+** (in german) ulrich greiner: gelobtes land. amerikanische schriftsteller über amerika. rowohlt reinbek bei hamburg 1997 **+** claude grimal: "paul auster au cœur des labyrinthes." europe: revue litteraire mensuelle 68:733 (1990) pp. 64-66 **+** allan gurganus: "how do you introduce paul auster in three minutes?." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 7-8 **+** anne m. holzapfel: the new york trilogy. whodunit? tracking the structure of paul auster's anti-detective novels. lang frankfurt am main 1996. (= studien zur germanistik und anglistik; 11) **+** (in german) beate hötger: identität im filmischen werk von paul auster. lang frankfurt am main u.a. 2002. (= europäische hochschulschriften; reihe 30 84) isbn 3-631-38470-x **+** (in german) heiko jakubzik: paul auster und die klassiker der american renaissance. dissertation universität heidelberg 1999 (online text) **+** bernd herzogenrath: an art of desire. reading paul auster. amsterdam: rodopi; 1999 **+** bernd herzogenrath: "introduction." in: bernd herzogenrath. an art of desire: reading paul auster. amsterdam: rodopi 1999 pp. 1-11 **+** gerald howard: publishing paul auster. the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 92-95 **+** peter kirkegaard: "cities signs meanings in walter benjamin and paul auster: or never sure of any of it" in orbis litterarum: international review of literary studies 48 (1993): 161179 **+** barry lewis: "the strange case of paul auster." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 53-61 **+** james marcus: "auster! auster!." the village voice 39 (august 30 1994) pp. 55-56 **+** brian mchale constructing postmodernism. london and new york: routledge 1992 **+** patricia merivale: "the austerised version." contemporary literature 38:1 (spring 1997) pp. 185-197 **+** christophe metress: "iles et archipels sauver ce qui est recuperable: la fiction de paul auster." in: annick duperray (ed..) l'œuvre de paul auster: approches et lectures plurielles. actes du colloque paul auster. aix-en-provence: actes sud 1995 pp. 245-257 **+** miller laura (january 30 2017.) "fork you : a life runs four ways in paul auster's '4 3 2 1'." the critics. books. the new yorker. vol. 92 no. 47. pp. 68-69 71 **+** james peacock: "carrying the burden of representation: paul auster's the book of illusions." journal of american studies 40:1 (april 2006) pp. 53-70 **+** (in german) werner reinhart: pikareske romane der 80er jahre. ronald reagan und die renaissance des politischen erzählens in den usa. (acker auster boyle irving kennedy pynchon.) narr tübingen 2001 **+** william riggan: picaros madmen naïfs and clowns: the unreliable first-person narrator. norman: university of oklahoma press 1981 **+** mark rudman: "paul auster: some elective affinities." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 44-45 **+** (in german) michael rutschky: "die erfindung der einsamkeit: der amerikanische schriftsteller paul auster"'. merkur 45 (1991) pp. 1105-1113 **+** edward h. schafer: "ways of looking at the moon palace." asia major. 1988; 1(1):1-13 **+** (in german) steffen sielaff: die postmoderne odyssee. raum und subjekt in den romanen von paul auster. univ. diss. berlin 2004 **+** (in german) joseph c. schöpp: ausbruch aus der mimesis: der amerikanische roman im zeichen der postmoderne. münchen: fink 1990 **+** motoyuki shibata: "being paul auster's ghost." in: dennis barone (ed..) beyond the red notebook: essays on paul auster. philadelphia: university of pennsylvania press 1995 pp. 183-188 **+** ilana shiloh: "paul auster and post-modem quest: on the road to nowhere." new york peter lang 2000 **+** carsten springer: crises. the works of paul auster. lang frankfurt am main u.a. 2001. (= american culture; 1) **+** carsten springer: a paul auster sourcebook. frankfurt a. main u. a. peter lang 2001 **+** eduardo urbina: la ficción que no cesa: paul auster y cervantes. vigo: editorial academia del hispanismo 2007 **+** eduardo urbina: "la ficción que no cesa: cervantes y paul auster." cervantes en el ámbito anglosajón. eds. diego martínez torrón and bernd dietz. madrid: sial ediciones 2005. 433-42 **+** eduardo urbina: "reflejos lunares o la transformación paródica de la locura quijotesca en moon palace (1989) de paul auster." siglos dorados; homenaje an augustin redondo. ed. pierre civil. madrid: castalia 2004. 2: 1417-25 **+** eduardo urbina: "parodias cervantinas: el quijote en tres novelas de paul auster (la ciudad de cristal el palacio de la luna y el libro de las ilusiones)." calamo currente': homenaje a juan bautista de avalle arce. ed. miguel zugasti. rilce (universidad de navarra) 23.1 (2007): 245-56 **+** eduardo urbina: "reading matters: quixotic fiction and subversive discourse in paul auster's the book of illusions." critical reflections: essays on golden age spanish literature in honor of james a. parr. eds. barbara simerka and amy r. williamsen. lewisburg pa: bucknell university press 2006. 57-66 **+** various authors: special edition on paul auster. critique. 1998 spring; 39(3) **+** aliki varvogli: world that is the book: paul auster's fiction. liverpool university press 2001. 97-9 **+** florian felix weyh: "paul auster." kritisches lexikon der fremdsprachigen gegenwartsliteratur (26. nachlieferung) pp. 1-10 **+** curtis white: "the auster instance: a ficto-biography." the review of contemporary fiction 14:1 (spring 1994) pp. 26-29 **+** eric wirth: "a look back from the horizon." in: dennis barone (ed..) beyond the red notebook: essays on paul auster. philadelphia: university of pennsylvania press 1995 pp. 171-182 // republic of bob