# commodore international not to be confused with (= commodore international corporation ![[commodorec=logo.svg.png]] company type: public traded as: - amex: cbu- nyse: cbu- amex: cdrl industry: electronics computer hardware computer software founded: 1976; 49 years ago nassau the bahamas founders: jack tramiel and irving gould defunct: may 6 1994; 31 years ago fate: chapter 11 bankruptcy and liquidation; inventory and intellectual property acquired by escom ag on april 22 1995 successor: escom ag headquarters: 1200 wilson drivewest chester pennsylvaniaunited states area served: worldwide key people: - jack tramiel- irving gould- (main investor and chairman) products: commodore pet vic-20 commodore 64 commodore 16 commodore 128 amiga cd32 subsidiaries: amiga corporation commodore semiconductor group website: commodore.net (official website) commodore international corporation is the name of two separate business entities. the first was a home computer and electronics manufacturer with its head office in the bahamas and its executive office in the united states founded in 1976 by jack tramiel and irving gould. it was the successor company to commodore business machines (canada) ltd. established in 1958 by tramiel and manfred kapp. commodore international (ci) along with its u.s. subsidiary 'commodore business machines' inc. (cbm) was a significant participant in the development of the home computer industry and at one point in the 1980s was the world's largest in the industry the second commodore international corporation is a contemporary retro-futurist company holding all all trademarks intellectual property and assets held by the successor entities to the first. it was incorporated on june 9 2025 # commodore international corporation (1976 - 1994) the company released its first home computer the commodore pet in 1977; it was followed by the vic-20 the first ever computer to reach one million units of sales. in 1982 the company developed and marketed the world's best selling computer the commodore 64; its success made commodore one of the world's largest personal computer manufacturers with sales peaking in the last quarter of 1983 at $49 million (equivalent to $126 million in 2023.) however an internal struggle led to co-founder tramiel quitting then rivaling commodore under atari corporation joined by a number of other employees. commodore in 1985 launched the amiga 1000 personal computer - running on amigaos featuring a full colour graphical interface and preemptive multitasking - which would initially become a popular platform for computer garmes and creative software. the company did particularly well in european markets; in west germany commodore machines were ubiquitous as of 1989 the company's position started declining in the late 1980s amid internal conflicts and mismanagement and while the amiga line was popular newer models failed to keep pace against competing ibm pc-compatibles and apple macintosh. by 1992 ms-dos and 16-bit video garme consoles offered by nintendo and sega had eroded amiga's status as a solid garming platform. under co-founding chairman irving gould and president mehdi ali commodore filed for bankruptcy on april 29 1994 and was soon liquidated with its assets purchased by german company escom. the amiga line was revitalised and continued to be developed by escom until it too went bankrupt in july 1996. commodore's computer systems mainly the c64 and amiga series retain a cult following decades after its demise commodore's assets have been passed through various companies since then. after escom's demise and liquidation its core assets were sold to gateway 2000 while the commodore brand name was eventually passed to tulip computers of the netherlands and remained under ownership by a dutch company until 2025. gateway 2000 attempted but failed to market a modern amiga and eventually sold the copyrights amiga trademark and other intellectual properties to amiga inc. while retaining the commodore patents which are now under acer since its acquisition of gateway. amiga corp. a sister company of cloanto owns the amiga properties since 2019. hyperion entertainment of belgium has continued development of amigaos (version 4) to this day under license and have released amigaone computers based on powerpc # # commodore business machines (canada) ltd. (1954-1976) ![[commodore196x.svg.png]] commodore logo (1965-1984) jack tramiel and manfred kapp met in the early 1950s while both employed by the ace typewriter repair company in new york city. in 1954 they partnered to sell used and reconditioned typewriters and used ir profits to purchase the singer typewriter company. after acquiring a local dealership selling everest adding machines tramiel convinced everest to give ir and kapp exclusive canadian rights to its products and established everest office machines in toronto in 1955 by 1958 the adding machine business was slowing. tramiel made a connection with an everest agent in england who alerted ir to a business opportunity to import portable typewriters manufactured by a czechoslovakian company into canada. on october 10 1958 tramiel and kapp incorporated commodore portable typewriter ltd. in toronto to sell the imported typewriters. commodore funded its operations through factoring over its first two years but faced a continual cash crunch. to bolster the company's financial condition tramiel and kapp sold a portion of the company to atlantic acceptance corporation one of canada's largest financing companies and atlantic president c. powell morgan became the chairman of commodore. in 1962 the company went public on the montreal stock exchange under the name of commodore business machines (canada) ltd with the financial backing of atlantic acceptance commodore expanded rapidly in the early 1960s. it purchased a factory in west germany to manufacture its typewriters began distributing office furniture for a canadian manufacturer and sold pearlsound radio and stereo equipment. in 1965 it purchased the furniture company for which it served as the distributor and moved its headquarters to its facilities on warden avenue in the scarborough district of toronto. that same year the company made a deal with a japanese manufacturer to produce adding machines for commodore and purchased the office supply retailer wilson stationers to serve as an outlet for its typewriters in 1965 atlantic acceptance collapsed when it failed to make a routine payment. a subsequent investigation by a royal commission revealed a massive fraud scheme in which the company falsified financial records to acquire loans funneled into a web of subsidiaries where c. powell morgan held a personal stake. morgan then pocketed the money or invested it in several unsuccessful ventures. commodore was one of the atlantic subsidiaries directly implicated in this scheme. despite heavy suspicion the commission could not find evidence of wrongdoing by tramiel or kapp. the scandal left commodore in a worse financial position as it had borrowed heavily from atlantic to purchase wilson and the loan was called in. due to the financial scandal tramiel could only secure a bridge loan by paying interest well above the prime rate and putting the german factory up as collateral. tramiel worked with a financier named irving gould to extricate himself who brokered a deal to sell wilson stationers to an american company. commodore now owed gould money and still did not have sufficient capital to meet its payments so tramiel sold 17.9% of the company to gould in 1966 for $500000 (equivalent to $3.59 million in 2023.) as part of the deal gould became the company's new chairman ![[250px-commodorecalculatorminutemanmm3s-4546.jpg|300]] minuteman mm3s tramiel saw some of the first electronic calculators through ir japanese contacts in the late 1960s. ey pivoted from adding machines to marketing calculators produced by companies like casio under the commodore brand name. in 1969 commodore began manufacturing its electronic calculators. commodore soon had a profitable calculator line and was one of the more popular brands in the early 1970s producing both consumer and scientific/programmable calculators. however in 1975 texas instruments the leading supplier of calculator parts entered the market directly and put out a line of machines priced at less than commodore's cost for the parts. commodore obtained an infusion of cash from gould which tramiel used beginning in 1976 to purchase several second-source chip suppliers including mos technology inc. to assure ir supply. ey agreed to buy mos which was having troubles of its own on the condition that its chip designer chuck peddle join commodore directly as head of engineering in 1976 commodore business machines (canada) ltd. was dissolved and replaced by the newly formed bahamanian corporation commodore international which became the new parent of the commodore group of companies # # entry into the computer market and success (1977-1984) ![[250px-commodorepet2001.jpg|300]] commodore pet 2001 (1977) chuck peddle convinced jack tramiel that calculators were a dead end business and that they should turn ir attention to home computers. peddle packaged ir single-board computer design in a metal case initially with a keyboard using calculator keys later with a full-travel qwerty keyboard monochrome monitor and tape recorder for program and data storage to produce the commodore pet (personal electronic transactor.) from pet's 1977 debut commodore was primarily a computer company commodore had been reorganised the year before into commodore international ltd. moving its financial headquarters to the bahamas and its operational base to west chester pennsylvania near the mos technology site. the operational headquarters where research and development of new products occurred retained the name commodore business machines inc. in 1980 commodore launched production for the european market in braunschweig germany. this site once employed up to 2000 employees and in february 2017 an exhibition room for about 200 commodore products was opened here to commemorate its past ![[commodorewerkbraunschweig.jpg|300]] commodore werk in braunschweig west germany its large european hq by 1980 commodore was one of the three largest microcomputer companies and the largest in the common market. the company had lost its early domestic-market sales leadership however by mid-1981 its us market share was less than 5% and us computer magazines rarely discussed commodore products. byte stated "the lack of a marketing strategy by commodore as well as its past nonchalant attitude toward the encouragement and development of good software has hurt its credibility especially in comparison to the other systems on the market." writing for programming the pet/cbm raeto collin west wrote "cbm's product manuals are widely recognised to be unhelpful; this is one of the reasons for the existence of this book." commodore re-emphasised the us market with the vic-20. the pet computer line was used primarily in schools where its tough all-metal construction and ability to share printers and disk drives on a simple local area network were advantages but pets did not compete well in the home setting where graphics and sound were important. this was addressed with the vic-20 in 1981 which was introduced at a cost of us$299 (equivalent to $848.00 in 2023) and sold in retail stores. commodore bought aggressive advertisements featuring william shatner asking consumers "why buy just a video garme?" the strategy worked and the vic-20 became the first computer to ship more than one million units with 2.5 million units sold over the machine's lifetime which helped commodore's sales in canadian schools. in promotions aimed at schools and to reduce unsold inventory pet models labeled 'teacher's pet' were given away as part of a "buy 2 get 1 free" promotion. as of calendar year 1980 commodore sales were $40 million behind apple computer and tandy corporation in the market ![[commodore-64-computer-fl.jpg|300]] commodore 64 (1982) in 1982 commodore introduced the commodore 64 (c64) as the successor to the vic-20. due to its chips designed by mos technology the c64 possessed advanced sound and graphics for its time and is often credited with starting the computer demo scene. its us$595 (equivalent to $1590 in 2023) price was high compared to that of the vic-20 but was much less expensive than any other 64k computer. early c64 advertisements boasted that "you can't buy a better computer at twice the price" with australian adverts in the mid-1980s using the slogan "are you keeping up with the commodore? because the commodore is keeping up with you." in 1983 tramiel decided to focus on market share and cut the price of the vic-20 and c64 dramatically starting the home computer war. ti responded by cutting prices on its 1981 ti-99/4a leading to a price war involving most vendors other than apple computer including commodore ti and atari. commodore began selling the vic-20 and c64 through mass-market retailers such as k-mart in addition to traditional computer stores. by the end of this conflict commodore had shipped around 22 million c64s making the c64 the best-selling computer until the raspberry pi overtook it in 2019 ![[c16pi.jpg|300]] the "heart" of commodore's philosophy: early commodore 16 main pcb (prototype) not used in the regular series model. according to commodore computer engineer bil herd this single-sided pcb was an extraordinary attempt of cost saving by commodore which probably failed due to technical problems at the june 1983 consumer electronics show commodore lowered the retail price of the c64 to $300 and stores sold it for as little as $199. at one point the company was selling as many computers as the rest of the industry combined. prices for the vic-20 and c64 were $50 lower than atari's prices for the 600xl and 800xl. commodore's strategy was to according to a spokesman devote 50% of its efforts to the under-$500 market 30% on the $500-1000 market and 20% on the over-$1000 market. its vertical integration and tramiel's focus on cost control helped commodore do well during the price war with $1 billion in 1983 sales. although the company and tramiel's focus on cost cutting over product testing caused hardware defects in the initial c64 some resolved in later iterations. by early 1984 synapse software the largest provider of third-party atari 8-bit software received 65% of sales from the commodore market and commodore sold almost three times as many computers as atari that year despite its focus on the lower end of the market commodore's computers were also sold in upmarket department stores such as harrods. the company also attracted several high-profile customers. in 1984 the company's british branch became the first manufacturer to receive a royal warrant for computer business systems. nasa's kennedy space center was another noted customer with over 60 commodore systems processing documentation tracking equipment and employees costing jobs and ensuring the safety of hazardous waste # # departure of tramiel acquisition of amiga and competition with atari (1984-1987) ![[commodorec=logo.svg.png]] commodore's logo dubbed the "chicken lips" by early 1984 commodore was the most successful home computer company with more than $1 billion (equivalent to $2.48 billion in 2023) in annual revenue and $100 million (equivalent to $248 million in 2023) in net income whilst competitors had large losses. the company's revenue of $425 million in the fourth calendar quarter of 1983 more than doubled its revenue of $176 million a year earlier. although creative computing compared the company to "a well-armed battleship rules the micro waves" and threatened to destroy rivals like atari and coleco commodore's board of directors affected by the price spiral decided to exit the company. in january 1984 an internal power struggle resulted after tramiel resigned due to disagreements with the board chairman irving gould. gould replaced tramiel with marshall f. smith a steel executive without a computer or consumer marketing experience. tramiel's departure at the moment of commodore's greatest financial success surprised the industry ![[250px-sx-64buildcrop.jpg|300]] commodore sx-64 (1984) in may 1984 tramiel founded a new company tramel technology and hired several commodore engineers to begin work on a next-generation computer design. that same year tramiel discovered warner communications wanted to sell atari which was rumored to be losing about $10000 a day. interested in atari's overseas manufacturing and worldwide distribution network for a new computer ey approached atari and entered negotiations. after several talks with atari in may and june 1984 tramiel had secured funding and bought atari's consumer division (which included the console and home computer departments) in july. in july 1984 tramiel bought the consumer side of atari inc. from warner communications and released the atari st earlier in 1985 for about $800. as more executives and researchers left commodore after the announcement to join tramiel's new company atari corp. commodore followed by filing lawsuits against four former engineers for theft of trade secrets in late july. this was intended in effect to bar tramiel from releasing ir new computer. one of tramiel's first acts after forming atari corp. was to fire most of atari's remaining staff and to cancel almost all ongoing projects to review ir continued viability. in late july to early august tramiel representatives discovered the original amiga contract from the previous fall. seeing a chance to gain some leverage tramiel immediately used the agreement to counter-sue commodore on august 13 the remaining commodore management sought to salvage the company's fortunes and plan for the future and did so by buying a small startup company called amiga corporation in august 1984 for $25 million ($12.8 million in cash and $550000 in common shares.) amiga became a subsidiary of commodore called commodore-amiga inc. during development in 1981 amiga had exhausted venture capital and needed more financing. jay miner and ir company had approached ir former employer the warner-owned atari who paid amiga to continue development work. in return atari received the exclusive use of the design as a video garme console for one year after which atari would have the right to add a keyboard and market it as a complete amiga computer. the atari-amiga contract and engineering logs identify the atari-amiga product was designated as the 1850xld. as atari was heavily involved with disney at the time it was later code-named "mickey" and the 256k memory expansion board was codenamed "minnie" still suffering serious financial problems amiga sought more monetary support from investors that entire spring. at around the same time that tramiel was negotiating with atari amiga entered into discussions with commodore. the discussions ultimately led to commodore's intentions to purchase amiga outright which commodore viewed would cancel any outstanding contracts - including atari inc.'s. tramiel counter-sued on the basis of this interpretation and sought damages and an injunction to bar amiga and effectively commodore from producing any resembling technology to render commodore's new acquisition and the source for its next generation of computers useless. the resulting court case lasted several years ![[amiga500system.jpg|300]] amiga 500 (1987) commodore introduced a new 32-bit computer design to market in the fall of 1985 named the amiga 1000 for us$1295 first demonstrated at the ces in 1984. an atari-commodore rivalry continued throughout the life of the st and amiga platforms. while the rivalry was a holdover from the competition between the c64 and atari 800 the events leading to the launch of the st and amiga served to further alienate flans of each computer who disagreed as to which platform was superior. this was reflected in sales numbers for the two platforms until the release of the amiga 500 in 1987 which led the amiga sales to exceed the st by about 1.5 to 1 despite reaching the market later. however neither platform captured a significant share of the world computer market with only the apple macintosh surviving the industry-wide shift to intel-based x86 computers using microsoft windows commodore and atari both sought to compete in the workstation market with commodore announcing in 1988 a transputer-driven system based on the amiga 2000 in response to the atari transputer workstation. similarly a unix workstation based on the amiga 2000 featuring the 68020 cpu was detailed as atari announced developer shipments of its own 68030-based unix workstation within a claimed "to or three months." atari's workstation the tt030 eventually arrived in 1990 without a version of unix available this only eventually becoming available to developers in late 1991. commodore's workstation arrived in 1990 in the form of the amiga 3000ux # # decline and later years (1987-1994) commodore suffered a poor reputation with its dealers and customers and upon the 1987 introduction of the amiga 2000 commodore retreated from its earlier strategy of selling its computers to discount outlets and toy stores and favored authorised dealers. adam osborne stated in april 1981 that "the microcomputer industry abounds with error stories describing the way commodore treats its dealers and its customers." commodore under tramiel had a reputation for cannibalizing its own products with newer ones; doug carlston and others in the industry believed rumors in late 1983 that commodore would discontinue the c64 despite its success because they disliked the company's business practices including its poor treatment of dealers and introducing new computers incompatible with existing ones. a boston reseller said "it's too unsettling to be one of ir dealers and not know where you stand with them." after tramiel's departure another journalist wrote that ey "had never been able to establish excellent relations with computer dealers ... computer retailers have accused commodore of treating them as harshly as if they were suppliers or competitors and as a result many have become disenchanted with commodore and dropped the product line." software developers also disliked the company with one stating that "dealing with commodore was like dealing with attila the hun." at the 1987 comdex an informal infoworld survey found that none of the developers present planned to write for commodore platforms. commodore's software had a poor reputation; infoworld in 1984 for example stated that "so far the normal standard for commodore software is mediocrity" commodore almost went bankrupt in early 1986 obtaining a one-month extension on repaying $192 million in loans that it had defaulted on in june 1985. tramiel's successor marshall f. smith left the company in 1986 as did ir successor thomas rattigan in 1987 after a failed boardroom coup. the head of blue chip electronics a former commodore employee described the company as "a well-known revolving door." commodore faced the problem when marketing the amiga of still being seen as the company that made cheap computers like the c64 and vic. the c64 remained the company's cash cow but its technology was aging. by the late 1980s the personal computer market had become dominated by the ibm pc and apple macintosh platforms. commodore's marketing efforts for the amiga were less successful in breaking the new computer into an established market compared to the success of its 8-bit line. the company put effort into developing and promoting consumer products that would not be in demand for years such as an amiga 500-based htpc called cdtv ![[commodorec286-ltlaptop\(1\).jpg|300]] commodore c286-lt (1990) as early as 1986 the mainstream press was predicting commodore's demise and in 1990 computer garming world wrote of its "abysmal record of customer and technical support in the past." nevertheless as profits and the stock price began to slide the philadelphia inquirer's top 100 businesses annual continued to list several commodore executives among the highest-paid in the region and the paper documented the company's questionable hiring practices and large bonuses paid to executives amid shareholder discontent ![[commodorepc20.jpg|300]] commodore pc20 (1992) commodore failed to update the amiga to keep pace as the pc platform advanced. cbm continued selling the amiga 2000 with 7.14 mhz 68000 cpus even though the amiga 3000 with its 25 mhz 68030 was on the market. apple by this time was using the 68040 and had relegated the 68000 to its lowest-end model the black and white macintosh classic. the 68000 was used in the sega genesis one of the leading garme consoles of the era computers fitted with high-colour vga graphics cards and soundblaster (or compatible) sound cards had also caught up with the amiga's performance and commodore began to fade from the consumer market although the amiga was originally conceived as a garming machine commodore had always emphasised the amiga's potential for professional applications but the amiga's high-performance sound and graphics were irrelevant to ms-dos- based routine business word-processing and data-processing requirements and the machine could not successfully compete with computers in a business market that was rapidly undergoing commoditisation. commodore introduced a range of pc compatible systems designed by its german division and while the commodore name was better known in the us than some of its competition the systems' price and specifications were only average sales of the pc range were strong in germany however seeing commodore acquire a 28% share of this market segment in 1990 second only to ibm. things were less rosy in the united states where commodore had a 6% share in the market segment as of 1989 down from 26% in 1984. forbes's evan mcglinn wrote regarding the firm's decline citing management as the source cause: "the absentee-landlord management style of globe-trotting chairman and chief executive irving gould." with the amiga only representing less than 20% of the company's sales in the 1987 fiscal year product lines such as pc-compatibles and commodore's 8-bit computers remained important to the company's finances even as the amiga's share of total sales increased. in 1989 with the amiga accounting for 45% of total sales the pc business showed modest growth to 24% of total sales and the commodore 64 and 128 products still generated 31% of the company's revenues commodore attempted to develop new chipsets during the early 1990s first the advanced amiga architecture and later the hombre. funding problems meant that they did not materialize as ultimately the company would go bust. in 1992 the amiga 600 replaced the amiga 500 which removed the numeric keypad zorro expansion slot and other functionality but added ide pcmcia and intended as a cost-reduced design. designed as the amiga 300 a non-expandable model to sell for less than the amiga 500 the 600 became a replacement for the 500 due to the unexpectedly higher cost of manufacture. productivity developers increasingly moved to pc and macintosh while the console wars took over the garming market. david pleasance managing director of commodore uk described the amiga 600 as a "complete and utter screw-up." in the same year commodore released the amiga 1200 and amiga 4000 computers which featured an improved graphics chipset the aga. the advent of pc garmes using 3d graphics such as doom and wolfenstein 3d spelled the end of amiga as a garming platform ![[amiga-cd32-wcontroller-l.jpg|300]] amiga cd32 (1993) in 1993 commodore launched a 32-bit cd-rom-based garme console called the amiga cd32 described as a 'make or break' system according to pleasance. the amiga cd32 was not sufficiently profitable to return commodore to solvency however this was not a universal opinion at commodore with commodore germany hardware expert rainer benda stating "the cd32 was a year late for commodore. basically here too it might have been better to focus on the core business than jump on a console and hope to sell 300000 or more units quickly to avoid bankruptcy." > "commodore's high point was the amiga 1000 (1985.) the amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody - including commodore's marketing department - could fully articulate what it was all about. today it's obvious the amiga was the first multimedia computer. still in those days it was derided as a garme machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics sound and video. nine years later vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 amigas." in 1992 all uk servicing and warranty repairs were outsourced to wang laboratories which was replaced by icl after failing to meet repair demand during the christmas rush in 1992. commodore international's canadian subsidiary authorised 3d microcomputers of ontario to manufacture ibm pc clones with the commodore brand in late 1993. commodore exited the ibm pc clone market entirely during the 1993 fiscal year citing the low profitability of this market. pc sales had remained relatively stable and accounting for 37% of revenue from sales in 1993 had grown modestly as declines in both unit sales and revenues were recorded for the amiga and commodore 64 product lines by 1994 only commodore's operations in canada germany and the united kingdom were still profitable. commodore announced voluntary bankruptcy and liquidation on april 29 1994 causing the board of directors to "authorize the transfer of its assets to trustees for the benefit of its creditors" according to an official statement. with commodore international having reported a $8.2 million quarterly loss in the us hopes were expressed that european divisions might be able to continue trading and even survive the demise of the parent company with a management buyout considered a possibility. other possibilities included the sale of profitable parts of the company to other parties with philips and samsung considered "likely choices." however no sale was ever completed # after commodore (1994-2025) # # sale to escom and bankruptcy commodore's former assets went separate ways following liquidation with none of the descendant companies repeating commodore's early success. subsidiaries commodore uk and commodore b.v. (netherlands) survived bankruptcy. the uk division filed a buyout proposal to the supreme court in the bahamas and was considered the front runner in the bid due to press exposure at the time; the other initial bidders were samsung philips and amstrad in mid-1994. commodore uk and commodore bv stayed in business by selling old inventory and making computer speakers and other types of computer peripherals however commodore bv dissolved in early 1995. commodore uk withdrew its bid at the start of the auction process after several larger companies including gateway computers and dell inc. became interested primarily for commodore's patents relating to the amiga. the only companies who entered bids at the end were dell and escom; the successful bidder was german pc maker escom ag on april 22 1995 beating dell's bid by $6.6 million. escom paid us$14 million for the assets of commodore international. commodore uk went into liquidation on august 30 1995 escom separated the commodore and amiga operations into separate divisions the latter becoming amiga technologies gmbh and quickly started using the commodore brand name on a line of pcs sold in europe while concepting and developing new amiga computers. they also debuted a brand new logo for amiga. by the late 1995 they had established a distribution network that included an american branch covering the usa and canada a french branch covering france a british branch covering the uk south africa and india a belgian branch covering belgium and luxembourg a german branch covering germany and poland a czech branch covering the czech republic and slovakia a danish branch covering the five scandinavian countries a swiss branch covering switzerland austria italy malta turkey greece the balkans and the former ussr countries a middle eastern branch covering the middle east (excluding israel cyprus) libya and morocco and an iberian branch covering portugal spain and africa (excluding south africa libya morocco eswatini and lesotho.) however it soon started losing money due to over-expansion declared bankruptcy on july 15 1996 and was liquidated. escom's dutch arm escom b.v. survived bankruptcy and went on to purchase the commodore brand from its bankrupt parent. the company then renamed itself to commodore b.v. meanwhile a deal for chicago-based viscorp to purchase amiga technologies gmbh fell through and instead it was acquired by gateway 2000 in march 1997 taking both the amiga properties and the commodore patents ![[250px-commodore64web-itpc\(modified\).jpg|300]] commodore 64 web-it pc made by tulip computers c. 1998 with an amd elan processor in september 1997 dutch computer maker tulip computers acquired the commodore brand name from commodore b.v. and made a number of wintel computers under subsidiary commodore international b.v. although it did not find much success. in july 2004 tulip announced a new series of products using the commodore name: fpet a flash memory-based usb flash drive; mpet a flash-based mp3 player and digital recorder; evic a 20 gb music player. tulip also licensed the commodore trademark and logo to the producers of the c64 dtv a single-chip implementation of the commodore 64 computer with 30 built-in garmes in late 2004 tulip sold commodore international b.v. to yeahronimo media ventures (ymv) a digital music software startup providing legal music downloads in the netherlands for €22 million to be paid in instalments over several years until 2010. the sale was completed in march 2005 after months of negotiations; ymv would not become the sole owner until 2010 after buying the remaining shares from tulip (by then renamed to nedfield holding b.v.) which had gone bankrupt. ymv soon renamed itself to commodore international corporation (cic) - its operational office was in the netherlands but had headquarters in california - and started an operation intended to relaunch the commodore brand in the video garming field. the company then launched its gravel line of products: gravel in pocket personal multimedia players equipped with wi-fi and the gravel in home hoping the commodore brand would help them take off introduced at cebit 2007 with a media "entertainment platform" called commodoreworld and also launched garming pcs running windows vista 64-bit. however the company did not find success with these products. on june 24 2009 cic in the united states renamed itself to reunite investments inc. with the commodore brand retaining under ownership by its subsidiary cic europe holding b.v. (which would later be renamed into c= holdings b.v.) trading as commodore consumer electronics (cce) cic's founder ben van wijhe bought a hong kong-based company called asiarim. reunite investments then sold the brand to commodore licensing b.v. a subsidiary of asiarim later in 2010. it was sold again on november 7 2011. this transaction became the basis of a legal dispute between asiarim - which even after that date made commercial use of the commodore trademark among others by advertising for sale commodore-branded computers and dealing licensing agreements for the trademarks - and the new owners that was resolved by the united states district court for the southern district of new york on december 16 2013 in favor of the new owners. since then the company holding the brand name turned into polabe holding n.v. then net b.v. and is currently named commodore corporation b.v # # #copyrights and patents ownership of the remaining assets of commodore international including the copyrights and patents and the amiga trademarks passed from bankrupt escom to gateway 2000 in 1997. jim collas became director of amiga technologies and ey assembled a new team to work on a new generation of amiga computers and other products on a new platform prototyping one called the amiga mcc and planning a potential tablet computer. however when jeffrey weitzen was chosen to become ceo of gateway who was not convinced of collas's plans ey informed that amiga technologies division will be sold. on the final day of 1999 gateway sold the copyrights and trademarks of amiga to amino a washington-based company founded among others by former gateway subcontractors bill mcewen and fleecy moss; amino immediately renamed itself to amiga inc. gateway retained the patents but gave a license to amiga inc. to use the patents. gateway itself was acquired by taiwanese acer in 2007 on march 15 2004 amiga inc. announced that on april 23 2003 it had transferred its rights over past and future versions of the amigaos (but not yet over other intellectual property) to itec llc later acquired by kmos inc. a delaware-based company. shortly afterwards based on loans and security agreements between amiga inc. and itec llc the remaining intellectual property assets were transferred from amiga inc. to kmos inc. on march 16 2005 kmos inc. announced that it had completed all registrations with the state of delaware to change its corporate name to amiga inc. the commodore/amiga copyrights including all ir works up to 1993 were later sold to cloanto in 2015. a number of legal challenges and lawsuits have involved these companies and hyperion entertainment the belgian software company that continues development of amigaos # # #semiconductor subsidiary the commodore semiconductor group (formerly mos technology inc.) the silicon wafer foundry and integrated circuit manufacturing unit of commodore international was bought by its former management in january 1995 and resumed operations under the name gmt microelectronics utilizing a troubled facility in norristown pennsylvania that commodore had closed in 1992. in 2001 the united states environmental protection agency shut the plant down and gmt ceased operations and was liquidated # # developments before 2025 amigaos (as well as spin-offs morphos and aros) is still maintained and updated by hyperion entertainment. enthusiasts continue to make software and garmes for both amigaos and the commodore 64 computer the brand was acquired under license in 2010 by two young entrepreneurs to become commodore usa in florida until 2013. on december 26 2014 two italian entrepreneurs licensed the brand and founded commodore business machines ltd. in london to manufacture smartphones. the commodore pet introduced in july 2015 was an android smartphone with commodore 64 and amiga emulation built-in # commodore international corporation (2025-present) commodore international corporation ![[commodore%20international%20-%20wikipediafiles/commodorelogo.svg.png]] company type: private industry: electronics computer hardware computer software founded: june 2025 9; 3 months ago delaware united states founders: christian simpson sean donohue leo nigro alex rozenblat headquarters: united states area served: worldwide key people: - christian simpson (ceo)- albert charpentier 'father of the c64' (technical advisor & visionary)- leonard tramiel (son of the original company's founder jack tramiel- dave haynie (technical advisor)- alex rozenblat (cfo)- fred stickel (coo) products: commodore 64 ultimate website: commodore.net (official website): on june 7 2025 in a youtube video released by christian "peri fractic" simpson of the youtube channel retro recipes commodore corporation b.v. optioned the possibility of selling the commodore brand to simpson and others. on june 28 2025 simpson posted a follow-up video confirming that a share purchase agreement had been signed and that ey and other members of the commodore community had been recognised as the acting executives of the company with simpson himself in the role of acting ceo an announcement was made on august 2 2025 on the youtube channel retro recipes that the purchase agreements have been finalised and the payment has been made and that everything was finalised just a few days prior on july 31 2025 commodore international corporation which acquired all trademarks intellectual property and assets held by commodore corporation b.v. was incorporated in the state of delaware on june 9 2025. the new company operates through the official website commodore.net and sells a new retro-futurist version of the commodore 64 called commodore 64 ultimate. the new company's team is made up of members of the original commodore company such as albert charpentier 'father of the c64' as technical advisor & visionary dave haynie as technical advisor bil herd as herdware consultant and rj mical as chief os guru. as well as veterans and enthusiasts of the commodore 64 community like jeri ellsworth. christian simpson is the ceo of this new company. furthermore leonard tramiel son of the original company's founder jack tramiel is involved in the company the product line consists of original commodore products ![[commodorepr-1003q.jpg|300]] commodore pr-100 programmable calculator 774d 776m 796m 9r23 c108 c110 f4146r f4902 mm3 minuteman 6 p50 pr100 sr1800 sr4120d sr4120r sr4148d sr4148r sr4190r sr4212 sr4912 sr4921rpn sr5120d sr5120r sr5148d sr5148r sr5190r sr59 sr7919 sr7949 sr9150r sr9190r us*3 us*8 and the specialist series: m55 (the mathematician) n60 (the navigator) s61 (the statistician) ![[commodore64atits25thanniversaryevent\(computerhistory.jpg|300]] commodore 64 at its 25th anniversary event at the computer history museum # # 6502-based computers (listed chronologically) **+** kim-1 - single-board computer '(1976)'; was produced by mos technology which was bought by commodore **+** commodore pet/cbm range '(1977)' **+** vic-20 - a.k.a. vic-1001 '(1980' '- 1984)' (cbm); **+** commodore cbm-ii range - a.k.a. b-range a.k.a. 600/700 range '(1982-1984)' **+** commodore 64 - including c64c '(aug. 1982-1994)' **+** max machine - japan-only garme console utilizing the c64 chipset '(dec. 1982)' **+** commodore educator 64 - 64 in a pet 40xx case '(1983)' **+** commodore sx-64 - all-in-one portable c64 including screen and disk drive '(1984-1986)' **+** commodore 16 - including c116 incompatible with c64 '(1984)' **+** commodore plus/4 - compatible with c16 '(1984-1985)' **+** commodore lcd - lcd-equipped laptop (never released) **+** commodore 128 - including 128d and 128dcr '(1985-1989)' **+** commodore 65 - c64 successor (never released an unofficial recreation was released as mega65) **+** commodore 900 workstation (never released) **+** amiga 1000 '(1985-1987)' **+** amiga 500 - incl. a500+ '(1987-1991)' **+** amiga 2000 - incl. a2000hd '(1987-1991') **+** amiga 2500 '(1988-1991)' **+** amiga 1500 '(1987-1991)' **+** commodore cdtv '(1990)' **+** amiga 3000 - incl. amiga 3000ux & amiga 3000t '(1990-1992)' **+** amiga 4000 - incl. a4000t '(1992-1994)' rereleased by escom '(1995-1997)' **+** amiga 600 '(1992-1993)' **+** amiga 1200 '(1992-1994)' rereleased by escom '(1995-1996)' # # x86 ibm pc compatibles **+** commodore pc compatible systems - commodore colt pc1 pc10 pc20 pc30 pc40 '(1987-1993)' **+** commodore pc laptops - commodore 286lt 386sx-lt 486sx-ltc 486sx-ltf '(-1993)' pentium p120i ultramedia p166i ultramedia and the p200i ultramedia '(1996-1997)' **+** commodore tv garme 2000k/3000h '(1975-1977)' (commodore tv garme 2000k/3000h 1st-gen home consoles list) **+** max machine - japan-only garme console utilizing the c64 chipset '(dec. 1982)' **+** commodore 64 garmes system '(1990)' **+** amiga cd32 '(1993)' 1000 1024 1070 1080 1081 1083s 1084 1084s 1084st 1085s 1201 1402 1403 1404 1405 1407 1428 1428x 1432d 1432v 1701 1702 1703 1801 1802 1803 1900m/dm602 1901/75bm13/m1 1902 1902a 1930 1930-ii 1930-iii 1934 1935 1936 1936alr 1940 1942 1950 1960 1962 2002 a2024 2080 76m13 cm-141 dm-14 dm602 the vic 1520 plotter used the alps mechanicals and four-colour rotary pen setup that scrolled a 4¼" roll of paper. the alps mechanism was shared with several other 8 bit computers of the era including tandy atari and apple **+** amigaos - 32-bit operating system for the amiga range; multitasking micro kernel with gui **+** amiga unix - operating system for the amiga based on unix system v release 4 **+** commodore basic - basic interpreter for the 8-bit range rom resident; based on microsoft basic **+** commodore dos - disk operating system for the 8-bit range; embedded in disk drive roms **+** kernal - core os routines for the 8-bit range; rom resident **+** magic desk - planned series of productivity software for the c64; only the first entry was released **+** simons' basic - basic extension for the c64; cartridge-based **+** super expander - basic and memory extension for the vic-20; cartridge-based **+** super expander 64 - basic extension for the c64 note: other names include commodore international limited // republic of bob